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ECMWF data are produced on model levels (hybrid pressure-sigma coordinates) and at the surface. ECMWF data are also interpolated to pressure levels and some datasets include data on isentropic levels and the PV=2PVU surface.
The atmosphere is divided into various numbers of levels depending on the application. ERA-40 and ERA-Interim use 60 levels with the model top at 0.1 hPa, The ensemble prediction system uses 62 levels with the top at 5 hPa and the high-resolution operational data assimilation and forecasting system uses 91 levels with the model top at 0.01 hPa. These so called "sigma-levels", which follow the earth's surface in the lower- and mid-troposphere, are used as vertical coordinates but are surfaces of constant pressure in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. A smooth transition between these types of levels is ensured ( Untch et al, 1999). The vertical resolution (measured in geometric height) is highest in the planetary boundary layer and lowest in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere.
ECMWF data are produced on model levels (hybrid pressure-sigma coordinates) and at the surface. ECMWF data are also interpolated to pressure levels and some datasets include data on isentropic levels and the PV=2PVU surface.
The atmosphere is divided into various numbers of levels depending on the application. ERA-40 and ERA-Interim use 60 levels with the model top at 0.1 hPa, The ensemble prediction system uses 62 levels with the top at 5 hPa and the high-resolution operational data assimilation and forecasting system uses 91 levels with the model top at 0.01 hPa. These so called "sigma-levels", which follow the earth's surface in the lower- and mid-troposphere, are used as vertical coordinates but are surfaces of constant pressure in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. A smooth transition between these types of levels is ensured ( Untch et al, 1999). The vertical resolution (measured in geometric height) is highest in the planetary boundary layer and lowest in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere.
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