The tropospheric precursor pattern to SSWs has been previously identified as consisting of relatively high pressure across Northern Europe and the Urals coupled with relatively low pressure across East Asia into the northern North Pacific (30, 36, 37). This anomalous dipole projects onto the climatological standing wave-1 of the NH (36–38), and through constructive interference gives rise to an enhanced WAFz from the troposphere to the stratosphere. Linking Arctic variability and change with extreme winter weather in the United States | Science
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